Is there any validity to the idea that Islam, in general opposition to Christianity, views “God not as an anthropomorphic being but as an entity beyond human comprehension, transcendent of man, independent and undivided?”  I am no religious scholar, but such a broad claim is difficult to believe.

God being something that humans cannot comprehend makes more sense than God as a bearded old white (black) dude. If you take God as being all powerful, how could our puny brains and limited senses comprehend or visualize God? And defining God as being beyond human comprehension puts the discussion firmly outside the realm of science and into the realm of metaphysics, which is the only reasonable place that religion can be discussed.